Waste incineration, a process of burning waste materials at high temperatures, offers a viable solution for waste volume reduction and energy recovery. However, the combustion process generates various air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), acid gases (HCl, HF), dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and heavy metals. These emissions pose significant threats to human health and the environment. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the common air pollution control technologies (APCTs) employed in waste incineration plants to mitigate these emissions.

The reliable joining of 316L austenitic stainless steel, a primary material for temporary biomedical implants and surgical instruments, remains critical for ensuring device safety and performance. While Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) and Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding are widely used in medical device manufacturing, a systematic comparative analysis of their impact on biomedical-critical properties is lacking. This study comprehensively investigates the effects of TIG and MIG welding on the microstructure, mechanical integrity, and bio-corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel joints. Autogenous butt welds were prepared using optimized parameters for each process. Microstructural characterization revealed that TIG welding produced a refined heat-affected zone (HAZ) with minimal delta-ferrite content, while MIG welding resulted in a coarser HAZ and the presence of retained ferrite. Mechanical testing demonstrated comparable tensile strength for both processes (above 85% of base metal), but with significant differences in micro-hardness distribution; TIG joints exhibited uniform hardness across the weld zone, whereas MIG joints showed elevated hardness in the HAZ attributed to residual stresses and martensitic transformation. Corrosion assessment in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C indicated that TIG-welded samples possessed superior pitting corrosion resistance (Epit = 315 mVSCE) compared to MIG (Epit = 268 mVSCE), attributed to the lower HAZ sensitization and minimized carbide/nitride precipitation. The findings elucidate the process-specific microstructural evolutions and their direct correlation with joint integrity, providing critical guidance for selecting appropriate welding techniques in medical device fabrication.

The construction industry’s heavy reliance on conventional burnt clay bricks has caused serious environmental degradation, including topsoil depletion, high energy consumption, and substantial greenhouse gas emissions. This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of compact green sand bricks that incorporate fly ash—an industrial by product of coal fired thermal power plants—as a sustainable alternative. The study synthesises findings from recent experimental investigations into fly ash–cement–sand composite bricks, examining their mechanical properties, durability characteristics, and environmental performance. Results from multiple studies indicate that optimised fly ash–sand brick mixes can achieve compressive strengths ranging from 9.13 MPa to 28 MPa, with water absorption values below 20 % and negligible efflorescence [1, 7]. Life cycle assessment studies demonstrate that fly ash bricks can reduce carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by over 80 % compared with conventional sand block manufacturing [4]. The pozzolanic reactivity of fly ash, combined with appropriate curing regimes—particularly steam curing—enhances early age strength development and microstructural densification [1, 12]. This paper concludes that compact green sand bricks with fly ash represent a technically viable, economically attractive, and environmentally superior alternative to traditional clay bricks, thereby contributing to circular economy principles in the construction sector

Numerous major ailments, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as numerous other health issues, are associated with tobacco smoking. Worldwide, tobacco smoking results in a significant number of fatalities and serious illnesses each year. The harmful effects of tobacco use on dental health are just one of the numerous health issues associated with it. A wide range of oral health issues are brought on by tobacco smoking, from social (poor breath) to life-threatening (precancerous alterations leading to oral cancer) and serious (periodontal illness, tooth decay). Tobacco can be ingested orally in a number of ways, such as smoked tobacco, smokeless tobacco chewed on its own, or tobacco mixed with areca nut. The dental health is negatively impacted by all of these tobacco products. Quitting tobacco products is the most important preventive action to avoid the oral health issues brought on by tobacco usage. The risk of developing oral cancer drops rapidly when a smoker ceases tobacco use. After ten years of not using tobacco, an ex-smoker/user’s risk of oral cancers is about the same as that for someone who has never smoked. To stop using tobacco products is not an easy task.

Millets, officially recognized as 'Shree Anna' in India, are among the oldest cultivated crops in human history. Despite their ecological resilience and profound nutritional benefits, these 'miracle grains' experienced a severe decline in cultivation and consumption during the Green Revolution, which heavily favored high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat. However, the exponential rise in lifestyle-related chronic diseases—such as diabetes, obesity, and celiac disease—has prompted a global rediscovery of millets, culminating in the United Nations declaring 2023 as the International Year of Millets. This review synthesizes the classification, global production, and profound therapeutic properties of millets. Drawing on the pioneering research of Dr. Khadar Vali, millets are categorized into positive, neutral, and negative grains based on their dietary fiber-to-carbohydrate ratios. The paper comprehensively outlines the structural wellness benefits of the five 'Siridhanya' (positive millets) and presents detailed dietary and herbal decoction protocols for the management of various chronic ailments. By integrating these grains into modern diets, particularly through traditional probiotic preparations like 'Amali' (gruel), societies can combat metabolic syndromes while promoting sustainable agriculture.

Protein folding is an essential biological process that enables proteins to attain their correct three-dimensional structure and perform their physiological functions. Disruptions in protein folding can result in conformational instability, intracellular retention, aggregation, and degradation of proteins, contributing to the development of numerous inherited and acquired diseases. Protein misfolding has been implicated in a wide range of disorders, including lysosomal storage diseases, cystic fibrosis, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, metabolic disorders, and certain cancers. Conventional therapeutic approaches, including enzyme replacement therapy and symptomatic treatments, often provide limited efficacy because they do not directly address the underlying molecular defects responsible for disease progression. Pharmaceutical chaperones have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy that targets the root cause of many conformational disorders. These small-molecule compounds selectively bind to unstable or misfolded proteins, stabilize their native conformation, facilitate proper folding, enhance intracellular trafficking, and prevent premature degradation by cellular quality-control mechanisms. Consequently, functional protein levels are restored, leading to improved cellular homeostasis and therapeutic outcomes. The clinical success of migalastat in Fabry disease has validated the potential of pharmaceutical chaperone therapy and stimulated extensive research into its application for other protein misfolding disorders. Recent advances in structural biology, computational drug design, artificial intelligence, and proteostasis research have accelerated the identification and optimization of novel pharmaceutical chaperones with enhanced specificity and efficacy. Additionally, combination approaches involving enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, and proteostasis regulators are broadening their therapeutic applications. Despite challenges related to mutation specificity, safety, and target selectivity, pharmaceutical chaperones represent an innovative class of precision therapeutics with significant potential for the treatment of diverse conformational diseases and the advancement of modern drug discovery.

Basal implantology, also referred to as corticobasal implantology, strategic implantology, or bicortical implantology, is an advanced implant rehabilitation concept that utilizes the dense cortical bone of the maxilla and mandible for implant anchorage rather than the resorbable alveolar bone. Basal implants achieve primary stability through osseofixation in the cortical bone. This principle enables immediate functional loading, often within 72 hours, while avoiding additional procedures such as sinus floor elevation, guided bone regeneration, and block bone grafting. The concept of basal implantology has evolved considerably since the development of the first single-piece implant by Dr. Jean-Marc Julliet in 1972. Subsequent innovations by Dr. Gérard Scortecci and Prof. Stefan Ihde led to the development of modern Basal Osseointegrated (BOI), Basal Cortical Screw (BCS), and KOS implant system. This review summarizes the biological basis, historical development, biomechanical principles, implant designs, surgical protocols, indications, contraindications, prosthetic considerations, and current clinical evidence related to basal implantology. Recent advances in digital implant planning, CAD/CAM prostheses, and finite element analysis are also discussed. Keywords: Basal implantology, Corticobasal implant, Bicortical implant, BOI implant, BCS implant, Immediate loading, Osseofixation, Strategic implantology, Cortical bone.

William Shakespeare reshaped English literature by inventing over 1,700 words, popularizing enduring idioms, and pioneering psychological character depth. His profound yet accessible style transformed drama and poetry, establishing the structural and linguistic foundation for modern writing. He, often regarded as the well-known playwright and poet in the history of English language, continues to exert a profound influence on English literature centuries after his time. The paper highlights Shakespeare's enduring inheritance by examining how his works have shaped and prejudiced subsequent English literature. The study begins with an overview of Shakespeare's life and literary career, highlighting his commendable contributions to various genres such as tragedy, comedy, history, inspirational dialogue, love, affection, keen interest in social system, custom, traditions, core values, morals, bonding of sweet relations between each other and romance. While a inclusive literature review, the paper scrutinizes themes, motifs, and dramatic techniques employed by Shakespeare that have resonated throughout the ages. Investigative understandings into specific plays and poems illustrate Shakespeare's innovative use of language, character development, and narrative structure, which have served as a model for generations of writers. The dialogue explores into the reworking and reinterpretation of Shakespearean themes and characters in modern literature, showcasing his significance in modern-day global contexts. Finally, this paper emphasizes Shakespeare's lasting impact on English literature, affirming his status as a introductory figure whose works remain to inspire and provoke life-threatening examination. Keywords: English literature, Fictional inheritance, Inspiration Effect, Theatrical performances, Social & cultural inheritance, happiness & human relation, responsibility & commitment.

The growth of the internet has changed the way businesses identify themselves and connect with consumers. In this changing environment, domain names are no longer used only as web addresses; they have also become important business identifiers. This article examines the Delhi High Court’s decision in Info Edge (India) Pvt. Ltd. v. Shailesh Gupta, a significant case dealing with domain-name protection, passing off and typosquatting in India. The case concerned the well-known domain name “naukri.com” and a deceptively similar domain name used by a competing employment website to divert internet users. The article analyses how the Court approached the protection of a descriptive term that had acquired distinctiveness through continuous use and goodwill. It also considers the Court’s reliance on the principles of passing off and the bad-faith standard under the ICANN UDRP. While the decision provided important protection against the misuse of domain names and helped establish the trademark-like character of domain names in Indian law, certain aspects of the reasoning remain open to criticism. In particular, the article examines the limited evidence relied upon to establish secondary meaning, the use of UDRP principles within Indian common-law reasoning, and the Court’s approach to confusion caused at the initial stage of accessing a website. The article further highlights the difficulty of protecting descriptive and vernacular words without unnecessarily restricting their legitimate use by competitors. It concludes that Info Edge remains an important foundation of Indian cyber-IP jurisprudence, but its principles need to be applied with greater evidentiary and doctrinal care as new forms of online infringement continue to emerge.

Skeletal muscle contraction as a consequence of physical activity is characterized by a significant rise in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) known as the oxidants. In accordance with the intensity, duration, type of exercise, and fitness level of the athlete, the exercise-associated oxidative stress might result in negative or positive effects on muscle integrity and performance. At high and uncontrolled levels, ROS/RNS cause lipid peroxidation, oxidation of proteins and DNA molecules, dysfunction of excitation-contraction coupling, and muscle damage. In contrast, at lower physiological levels of ROS, these molecules are responsible for important signaling functions involved in promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, stimulating antioxidant defenses, and triggering adaptive responses to physical training in accordance with the concept of hormesis. The present review covers information about cellular sources of exercise-induced ROS/RNS, mechanisms of oxidative damage to contractile and metabolic components of muscle cells, a double-faced effect of oxidants in muscle fatigue and adaptation, effect of the athlete's training status and exercise type, and debates regarding the antioxidant supplementation among athletes. Keywords: oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; skeletal muscle; exercise; antioxidants; muscle fatigue; redox signalling.

Maintaining power system frequency within permissible limits is one of the most critical operational challenges in modern electrical grids, particularly as the penetration of renewable energy sources continues to accelerate. Load Frequency Control (LFC) traditionally relied on conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers, which often prove inadequate for increasingly dynamic, nonlinear, and uncertain power system environments. This paper presents an original, comprehensive review of artificial intelligence (AI)-based methodologies applied to LFC, covering artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic systems, neuro-fuzzy hybrids, reinforcement learning (RL), deep learning architectures, and meta-heuristic optimization techniques. Unlike prior surveys, this review critically evaluates each approach through the lens of contemporary multi-area grid challenges, including penetration of wind and solar generation, electric vehicle integration, energy storage systems, and deregulated market conditions. Key performance metrics, simulation environments, and real-world implementation constraints are systematically analyzed. The paper concludes by identifying open research challenges and proposing future directions, including quantum-assisted control, explainable AI for power systems, and federated learning for decentralized LFC. This review is intended to serve as a consolidated reference for researchers and practitioners in electrical engineering and smart grid technology. Keywords: Load Frequency Control; Artificial Intelligence; Fuzzy Logic; Neural Networks; Reinforcement Learning; Deep Learning; Power System Stability; Smart Grid; Renewable Energy Integration.

The Constitution of India guarantees Fundamental Rights as essential conditions for the development of human personality, democratic governance, and the rule of law. These rights, enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, protect individuals against arbitrary actions of the State and ensure justice, liberty, equality, and dignity. However, the mere inclusion of rights in a constitutional document is insufficient unless effective mechanisms exist for their enforcement. The Supreme Court of India, as the guardian of the Constitution and the protector of Fundamental Rights, plays a pivotal role in ensuring that constitutional guarantees remain meaningful and enforceable. Since its establishment in 1950, the Supreme Court has significantly contributed to the protection and expansion of Fundamental Rights through constitutional interpretation, judicial review, Public Interest Litigation (PIL), and innovative judicial doctrines. Landmark decisions such as A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, Minerva Mills v. Union of India, Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, and Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India have transformed the scope and content of Fundamental Rights. Through these judgments, the Court has expanded the meaning of liberty, equality, dignity, privacy, environmental protection, education, and access to justice. This paper critically examines the constitutional position of the Supreme Court in protecting Fundamental Rights, its jurisdiction under Articles 32, 136, 141, and 142, the evolution of judicial activism, landmark judgments, challenges faced by the Court, and its future role in safeguarding constitutional democracy. The study concludes that the Supreme Court remains the most significant institution for protecting Fundamental Rights in India, although continuous reforms are necessary to enhance accessibility, efficiency, and constitutional accountability. Keywords: Supreme Court, Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Article 32, Public Interest Litigation, Constitutional Remedies, Judicial Activism, Constitution of India, Human Rights, Rule of Law.

Constitutional morality has emerged as one of the most significant constitutional doctrines in contemporary Indian jurisprudence. It represents a commitment to the values, principles, and aspirations embedded in the Constitution rather than adherence to prevailing social, religious, or majoritarian moral standards. The doctrine has become a powerful judicial tool for protecting fundamental rights, preserving constitutional governance, promoting social justice, and safeguarding the dignity of individuals. In recent decades, the Supreme Court of India has increasingly invoked constitutional morality while adjudicating issues involving equality, liberty, privacy, gender justice, minority rights, secularism, and democratic accountability. The concept, originally emphasized by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar during the Constituent Assembly Debates, has acquired renewed relevance in a diverse and pluralistic society where conflicts frequently arise between constitutional values and traditional social norms. Through landmark judgments such as Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (Sabarimala Case), Joseph Shine v. Union of India, and Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, the Supreme Court has employed constitutional morality to uphold individual autonomy, equality, and human dignity. This paper examines the meaning, origin, development, and judicial application of constitutional morality in India. It critically analyzes contemporary judicial decisions that have shaped the doctrine and evaluates its role in strengthening constitutional democracy. The study argues that constitutional morality serves as an essential safeguard against majoritarianism, discrimination, and arbitrary exercise of power while ensuring that constitutional values remain the guiding principles of governance and adjudication. Keywords: Constitutional Morality, Supreme Court of India, Fundamental Rights, Judicial Activism, Constitutionalism, Equality, Liberty, Dignity, Democracy, Constitutional Governance.

The constitutional jurisprudence of India represents one of the most vibrant and transformative legal architectures in the democratic world. At the epicenter of this dynamic transformation lies the doctrine of Judicial Activism—a judicial posture wherein the higher judiciary actively interprets constitutional provisions to enforce socio-economic justice, protect marginalized classes, and remedy systemic administrative inertia. From its conceptual inception in the late 1970s through the liberalization of Locus Standi and the institutionalization of Public Interest Litigation (PIL), judicial activism has revolutionized the enforcement of Fundamental Rights under Articles 14, 19, 21, and 32. However, the continuous expansion of judicial intervention has ignited a fierce constitutional debate concerning the boundary separating legitimate 'Judicial Activism' from unwarranted 'Judicial Overreach' (or Judicial Imperialism). This scholarly research paper examines the theoretical genesis, constitutional validity, and functional evolution of judicial activism in India. It systematically analyzes landmark precedents ranging from Kesavananda Bharati, Maneka Gandhi, and Bandhua Mukti Morcha to pivotal contemporary rulings including the Electoral Bonds case (ADR v. UOI, 2024), Same-Sex Marriage recognition (Supriyo v. UOI, 2023), Sub-Classification in Reservations (State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh, 2024), and Demolition Jurisprudence/Bulldozer Justice (In Re: Directions in the matter of Demolition of Structures, 2024). The paper critically interrogates whether the judiciary's assumption of administrative, executive, and legislative functions impairs the tripartite doctrine of Separation of Powers and undermines constitutional equilibrium. Finally, the paper formulates institutional parameters and normative canons for judicial self-restraint to ensure that the judiciary remains a robust sentinel on the qui vive without imperiling democratic legitimacy. Keywords: Judicial Activism, Judicial Overreach, Public Interest Litigation (PIL), Separation of Powers, Article 21, Constitutionalism, Epistolary Jurisdiction, Judicial Self-Restraint.